What does Typography refer to?

Typography primarily refers to the design and arrangement of printed letters and text, focusing on elements such as style, typeface, spacing, and layout to ensure readability and aesthetic appeal. Options related to calligraphy, manuscript writing, and letterpress printing address other aspects of written art but do not capture the modern scope of typography as it stands today.

While letterpress printing is indeed a historical method of producing text and is integral to the development of typography, the term "typography" encompasses a broader range of techniques and practices, including digital font creation and layout design in various media formats. Therefore, the emphasis in typography is on how textual information is artistically communicated, making the notion of letterpress printing a component of typography rather than its whole definition.

The correct choice reflects an aspect of typography's evolution, as it has roots in traditional methods like letterpress printing but has expanded significantly to incorporate contemporary practices in the design of digital fonts and other forms of textual presentation.