What does 'ascenders' refer to in calligraphy?

In calligraphy, "ascenders" specifically refer to the parts of lowercase letters that extend above the x-height of the font. This includes letters such as 'b,' 'd,' 'h,' and 'k,' which feature stems or strokes that rise above the main body of the letter. This characteristic adds to the overall aesthetic and legibility of handwritten text, as it creates a visual contrast with other letters that do not have ascenders.

The distinction is important because it helps calligraphers understand how to create a balanced and visually appealing composition when writing. The choice describing uppercase letters or those that go below the line does not align with the definition of ascenders, reinforcing why the correct answer emphasizes lowercase letters that rise above the baseline. Understanding this concept is crucial for mastering the art of calligraphy, leading to more skilled and thoughtful letterforms.